Question and Answer

Q. Write in short about prokaryotic cell. Answer: Definition: The cell that lack a membrane bound nucleus are called prokaryotic cell. Features: ✓ They are smaller in size. ✓They have cell wall outside the plamsmallemma. ✓They lack of nuclear envelop separating the nuclear material from outer cellular constituents. ✓They have no histone bound to their DNA. ✓They are usually lack of membrane organelles. ✓Example: They are found only in bacteria. (Ref: Janquira histology-12th)

Q. Mention the functions of cell membrane. Answer: Functions of cell membrane are: 1. It maintains size & shape of the cell & provides microenvironment of cells. 2. Transport of substances between exterior & interior 3. Separates the protoplasmic contents from those of the neighboring cell. 4. Provides intercellular contact through the glyco-calyx. 5. Generates membrane potential (Example-In muscle cell & nerve Cell) 6. Serves as sites of reception of external hormonal or others chemical stimuli. 7. Relays any stimulation from cell to cell through intercellular contact. 8. The cell membrane forms a sensory surface. 9. Helps in processing of antibodies 10. Phagocytosis & pinocytosis occurs through the cell membrane. 11. It is the site for the recognition & attachment of other cell. 12. It form the protective barrier of the cell (Ref: Janquira histology-12")

Q. Name the different type of animal cell with example. Answer: Types of animal cells are: According to the structure: a) Prokaryotic: They are found only in bacteria. b) Eukaryotic Cell: They are found all the living animal except in bacteria.  According to their ability to divide: a) Labile cell: They are cell having properties of cell division Example: Epithelial tissue of skin & intestine. b) Stable cell: The cells which do not divide generally but can divide under certain influences (i.e when necessary ) are called stable cell.  Example: Bones: During fractures regeneration occurs  Muscle tissue Connective tissue Liver cell c) Permanent cell: The cell which loose the properties of cell division after maturity are called permanent cell. Example: Neuron. According to the site/function: a) Somatic cell. b) Reproductive cell /Germ cell/ Sex cell. (Ref: Gray's anatomy & Janguira histology-12")

Q. What is cell? Draw a label a typical animal cell. Definition: Cell is the structural, functional, independent unit of living organism. Figure: Picture showing a typical animal cell with its different components.

Q.1. What are carbohydrates?  Carbohydrates are organic substances containing C, H, and O. Hydrogen atoms are present usually in the ratio of 2:1 as it occurs in a water molecule. Example: glucose, fructose, lactose, starch, etc. There may be exceptions to the above, e.g. C2H4O2 is acetic acid and not a carbohydrate through H and O are in the ratio of 2:1.  Q.2. Define carbohydrates in chemical terms.  Carbohydrates are defined chemically as aldehyde or ketone derivatives of the higher polyhydric alcohols or compounds that yield these derivatives on hydrolysis.  Q.3. How will you classify carbohydrates?  Carbohydrates are classified into four major groups:  • Monosaccharide (“simple sugars”): They cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler forms.  • Disaccharides: They yield two molecules of the same or different monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.  • Oligosaccharides: They yield three to six molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis.  • Polysacchari...